Marketing Communications on The Smartphone Market Essay - 1

Marketing Communications on The Smartphone Market - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that integrated marketing communications refer to systems used to plan communications in such a way as to benefit a business by disseminating its marketing campaigns more effectively and thereby lessening its marketing expenses. By integrating marketing structures such as social media avenues, advertising, telemarketing, and direct sales, one can bring more consistency and clarity into the message that is aimed at consumers. Mobile phone companies are constantly seeking an edge in the hyper-competitive mobile phone market by either increasing access speeds or introducing ever more robust application systems into their products. Naturally, these changes inspire marketing executives of mobile phone companies to come up with tactical and strategic marketing plans that allow them to be able to engage potential consumers through the different mobile platforms that are created. Google Inc. created an operating system, Android, that immediately ga ve it an edge in the Smartphone market. Its marketing scheme has played a great role in sustaining its competitiveness. Product- Google Inc. uses different marketing concepts to market the Android-iOS in different regions of the world. Since Google launched the first Android system in 2008, the product has remained in high public demand due to the regular addition of aspects such as features and apps (applications) which are frequently updated and enable customers to use them. For instance, customers with a preference for touch screens or ‘qwerty’ screens can use Android as it has both applications. In addition, customers who wish for widescreen displays can also use the android system. Price - In regards to price, Google’s customers are able to change their budgets to suit customized android systems with their preferred features. The vast majority of android retailers sell the system for less than 100$ with all its features and benefits included. This is far che aper than what the systems created by Apple and Nokia retail for. Promotion - The android is a well-known and highly esteemed brand. These characteristics differentiate it from other competitors. Furthermore, Google has invested in promotional campaigns that include using the print media, television advertising, and the internet to reach mobile phone users.

Analysis of Characters of Chaucer and Austen Essay Example for Free

Analysis of Characters of Chaucer and Austen Essay In contrast, during the Hanoverian period during which Austen lived, society was based on the material possessions of an individual (or their future inheritance), family connections, and marriage. Chaucer outlines his time period through his characters: the church body through the Friar, and the working class through the Plowman. Likewise, Austen uses her protagonist, Mrs. Bennet, to mock how people of her own social class behaved during her era. Chaucer uses the Friar to demonstrate the immoral nature of the church during his time. One of the groups of people that Chaucer satirizes is the clergy. Amongst them, he attacks the character of the Friar as corrupt and dishonest. Historical evidence shows that friars were more often than not very corrupt and schemed to obtain worldly goods such as money. Many friars â€Å"came under wider criticism for worldliness and immorality† (Christianity†¦). They acted as if they had no money, but were in actuality living a fairly luxurious life. Chaucer compares the coat of Hubert, the Friar, to that of â€Å"a lord or like a pope. Of double worsted was his semi-cope† (Chaucer 8). Hubert was also â€Å"rounded like a bell†, indicating that he had enough food to eat, and did not necessarily have to beg for sustenance (8). Once at the house of a crippled man, the Friar asks for food. Now, dame, said he then, je vous dis, sans doute, Had I of a fat capon but the liver, And of your soft white bread naught but a sliver, And after that a pigs head well roasted (Save that I would no beast for me were dead), Then had I with you plain sufficiency. I am a man of little gluttony. My spirit has its nourishment in the Bible†. (313) This statement by the Friar epitomizes the relationship of the common people to those of the church at this time: while pretending to not have or need a lot, the clergy will steal from the lower class. â€Å"[The Friar] uses his position in the church to get money† (The Frior†¦). The middle class however, does not mistrust the church body as shown by the Plowman. In contrast to the corrupt church, Chaucer demonstrates the honesty and piousness of the middle class through the Plowman during the Post-Classical period*. Even though the church was trying to extract money and goods from his class, the Plowman â€Å"paid his taxes, fully, fairly, well, / Both by his own toil and by stuff he’d sell†, meaning that he trusted the church and was honest (Chaucer 15). â€Å"Chaucer here negates the commonly held perception of the peasant’s supposed hatred of the church† (FREE study†¦). Chaucer writes that the Plowman was a good Christian follower as he uses the two greatest commandments to describe the Plowman: â€Å"He loved God most, and that with his whole heart/ †¦ / And next, his neighbor, even as himself (Chaucer 15). The Plowman also â€Å"[lived] in peace and perfect charity†, another allusion to the teachings of Jesus Christ as written in the Bible. Another example of his piousness is shown when Chaucer writes that â€Å"[he’d] thresh and dig, with never thought of pelf, / For Christ’s own sake, for every poor wight, / All without pay, if it lay in his might† (15). The fact that the Plowman did not think of pelf, or money gained in a dishonest way, shows how he was not materialistic like the clergy. Chaucer also states that the Plowman would work (without thinking of gaining money) for the sakes of Jesus Christ and those poor, and less fortunate without receiving money. Although people of this period could live while not thinking about money for the sake of charity, money was one of the main focuses for people, especially women, in Jane Austen’s time. Austen demonstrates through her character, Mrs. Bennet, the narrow-mindedness of women of this era. Jane Austen was born into a family of the landed gentry: a social rank consisting of landowners who did not have to work, and could live solely off the rent income. Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice, was written about those in this social class, and their interaction with others in society. Mrs. Bennet directly personifies the women of her time as â€Å"she [had] five daughters, and finding them husbands [was] ‘the business of her life’† (Reef 88). â€Å"[Marriage] was the only honourable provision for well-educated young women of small fortune † (Austen 106). As Mrs. Bennet was very much occupied with seeing her daughters married, she â€Å"seemed incapable of fatigue while enumerating the advantages of the match† (124). This match refers to her eldest daughter possibly getting married to a man who has recently rented a house near Mrs. Bennet’s own and was â€Å"so rich† (124). From today’s standpoint, this point of view and way of living seems very materialistic, it is actually a very practical way to think for this time period. As property at this time was only passed down to male heirs, it is very understandable that Mrs. Bennet was so focused on marrying her daughters off to rich men because she and her husband (Mr. Bennet) had five daughters and no sons. This meant that the family property and money would go to a male cousin once Mr. Bennet died, and the females of the family would be turned out onto the streets. Another example of the time being reflected by Mrs. Bennet is the fact that she took her daughters to balls. Balls were common social events and a place where many women went for entertainment and in hope that they might find a husband. Because they learned from their mother, Mrs. Bennet’s daughters â€Å"[talked] of nothing but soldiers and balls† (Reef 90). Popular culture was also reflected through Austen’s character. Both Austen’s character (Mrs. Bennet) and Chaucer’s characters (the Friar, Hubert, and the Plowman) use traits of how different people acted in different times to show an in-depth picture of society at that time. It is through writing that readers and historians alike can catch a glimpse of what the social order looked like at the time. This thought provokes the following question: Which author(s) will the future generations read and what will they tell us about our society?

Man-of-war :: essays research papers fc

Man-of-War The Portuguese man-of-war if a member of the Kingdom Animalia, phylum Cnidaria(1), class Hydrozoa, order Siphonophra, the genus Physalia, and the species Physalia(2). The man-of-war is not an actual jellyfish, but a Siphonophor. Also the man-of-war is not a single organism. It is made up of many different organisms that work together. These organisms are called polyps. The Portuguese man-of-war is usually found in the Northern Atlantic gulf stream. It can also be found in the tropical and subtropical regions of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The man-of-war will usually travel in groups, that may contain up to one thousand members. The main portion of the man-of-war's body is an oblong gas-filled bladder. The bladder is usually nine to thirty centimeters long, and is a translucent pink, blue, or purple. On top of the bladder is a crest. This is to catch the wind, and move the man-of-war along. Below the bladder, hang long stringy tentacles, that can reach a length of up to fifty meters. The tentacles are made-up of three different types of polyps. The names of these three polyps are: dactylozooid, gonozooid, and gastrozooid. The polyps are the parts that: capture prey, digest prey, and reproduce. The dactylozooids have cells called nematocysts(3). The nematocysts release a toxin(4) into anything that they come into contact with. The gastrozooids then attach to the dead/stunned victim, and spread over it. They digest it, and transfer food to the rest of the man-of-war. Last, the gonozooids create other polyps. The means by which the man-of-war reproduces, however, is not yet understood. The fish Nomeus gronvii lives among the tentacles of the man-of-war. This fish, which is eight centimeters long, is mostly immune to the man-of-war's toxin. It will eat the tentacles, which will grow back, as its main source of food. Although it is mostly immune to the man-of-war's toxin, the man-of-war will sometimes end up eating it. The enemies of the man-of-war are the Nomeus gronvii, and the loggerhead turtle. If you were to get stung by a man-of-war, you would experience a very painful sensation where you got stung. The toxin that the man-of-war uses blocks nerve conduction. This causes a severe systematic syndrome. This is accompanied by a fever, possibly shock, and interference with heart and lung functions. Bibliography "Portuguese man-of-war," Encyclopedia Britannica. 1988, University of Chicago: Vol. IX, p.634-35 "Portuguese man-of-war," Animal Kingdom. 1972, United States of America: Vol. XVIII, p.88-93 Caras, Roger. Venomous Animals of the World. United States of America: 1974, p. 17-18 hillside.sowashco.k12.mn.us, http://hillside.sowashco.k12.mn.us/kaipo/invertebrate/welcomeinv.html, United States of America: hillside.sowashco.k12.mn.us, 1997 Microsoft Encarta 1996. Silicon Valley Ca., Microsoft Corporation, 1997

Corporate social responsibility Essay

1) Corporate Ethics – The broad area dealing with the way in which a company behaves towards, and conducts business with, its internal and external STAKEHOLDERS, including employees, investors, creditors, customers, and regulators. In certain national systems minimum standards are required or recommended in order to eliminate potential conflicts of interest or client/employee mistreatment. 2) Board of Directors (BOD) – An appointed or elected body or committee that has overall responsibility for the management of a nonprofit or nonstock organization, such as a foundation, university or mutual fund. 3) Executive Officer – is generally a person responsible for running an organization, although the exact nature of the role varies depending on the organization. 4) Corporate Compliance – means having internal policies and procedures designed to prevent and detect violations of applicable law, regulations, rules and ethical standards by employees, agents and others. It involves legal risk management and internal controls. 5) Corporate Governance – refers to the set of systems, principles and processes by which a company is governed. They provide the guidelines as to how the company can be directed or controlled such that it can fulfil its goals and objectives in a manner that adds to the value of the company and is also beneficial for all stakeholders in the long term. 6) Corporate Responsibility – includes being consistent with ethical principles and conduct such as honesty, integrity and respect for others. By voluntarily accepting responsibility for its actions corporations earn their licence to operate in society. 7) Corporate Social Responsibility – is a form of corporate self-regulation integrated into a business model. CSR policy functions as a built-in, self-regulating mechanism whereby a business monitors and ensures its active compliance with the spirit of the law, ethical standards, and international norms. 8) Corporate Sustainability – is a business approach that creates long-term consumer and employee value by not only creating a â€Å"green† strategy aimed towards the natural environment, but taking into consideration every dimension of how a business operates in the social, cultural, and economic environment. Also formulating strategies to build a company that fosters longevity through transparency and proper employee development.

Success in Sales

Success in Sales (Willy Loman and Chris Gardner) â€Å"I don't know the key to success, but the key to failure is trying to please everybody† ~ Bill Cosby. Few needs of the person are greater than the need to be understood. To have a voice that is heard, respected and valued – to have an influence. Most of us believe that the key to influence is communication – getting your point across clearly and speaking persuasively.Initially the both characters -Willy Loman in â€Å"Death of the Salesman† and Chris Gardner in â€Å"Pursuit of Happiness† wanted to be understood and change their lives, so they can have influence on the world around them and became successful. But Willy Loman is hopelessly lost in his past. Chris Gardner lives today. He is not sure what tomorrow will bring but he knows that it`s up to him to change his future. His love for his little boy helps him survive and makes him stronger. Unlike Willy Loman Chris doesn`t predict his son`s f uture†¦but does what he can to make his son`s life brighter and happy.We can find some similarities between Willy Loman and Chris Gardner. They both work very hard to pursuit their dreams of a better life. Willy Loman drove many miles to try and sell things to maintain his family while Chris Gardner also would do anything to meet ends meet to help his family to survive. Willy Loman carried two heavy suit cases with him all the time, even though the business didn't go to well, his dedication to his family kept him going. Chris Gardner tried to do everything possible to sell his x-ray scanners so he could get the money to pay for apartment and family needs.Obviously Willy Loman loves his son Biff and wants him to have a successful life. It's quite sad that Willy favors one son over the other, but he still shows great fatherly love and care. He wants his son to succeed and become a big man, no matter what. Eventually after everything fails, Willy commits a suicide to get Biff mone y Oliver didn't give him. Chris also loves his little boy and endures many hardships to provide for him. He is trying to teach his son everything he knows, because he knows that the life might be rough for his son in future.Eventually Chris finds a new job opportunity so he can provide for his son. These both man have the same great desire to succeed in sales business. Willy Loman wasn't wrong, he had mental issues but appearance does play a big part in Salesman's life. Appearance is one of the major principles. His whole life Willy tried to please everyone, so he would be successful. But I think that eventually he became obsessed with his appearance†¦ Chris Gardner experienced minor success at the start of his carrier. But he never gave up, even in hard times; Chris took matters in his own hands and tried to sell remaining x-rays for money.Willy Loman and Chris Gardner may share some things in common, yet they are so magnificently different. They think differently, they have d ifferent values and motivations. Willy Loman`s story is a tragic story of the hopeful dream of one salesman that led to the damnation of an entire family. Willy is a man who is lost in the past and his mind is constantly tormented with the hopes and dreams he had years ago that have since fallen through. Chris Gardner lives his life today. His mind works hard to find ways to change his life for good. Chris doesn`t waste his time on talking about yesterday's achievements.Willy believes that all it takes to become successful is to be well liked. Chris Gardner does care about his appearance but prefers to practice good communication skills with everyone and knowledge of the business. Willy Loman had a dream that was not realistic; he also lied to his family. His pursuit of this dream led his entire family to live an illusion created by him – that they are better than everyone. In the end, he thought he had no choice but to kill him and try to make things better with insurance mo ney. Chris was always honest with himself and his family.For Gardner there were a lot of tense and hard moments to give up like losing an apartment and sleeping in a washroom with his son, but he kept his hard work and hopes to the very end†¦until he could say â€Å"this part of my life I call Happiness†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Trying to please everyone, to achieve success is not the key to sucess. You have to be yourself and judge situations in your life by your principles. People who try to be loved everyone eventually lose their principles and have no fundament to build upon. Appearance is a major factor of success in sales, you always have try to make a nice first impression.But appearance won't bring you success if you don't use intellect and be yourself. Willy Loman learned that the hard way which brought him into the grave; he tried to present himself as a successful, important and loyal man. Willy didn't know how to listen to others, and wanted the world to understand him. Chris Gardner worked very hard while staying true to himself and dedicated his son. Chris didn't present himself as someone he wasn't during interviews and tests, but he proved others that a man who can listen, and is trying to understand the world can be taught just about everything.

buy custom Information Security Governance essay

buy custom Information Security Governance essay According to Business Software Alliance (BSA), the rate of cyber security incidents has grown by about 100% every year since the year 2000. The rampant insecurity has lead legislators and the industry players to pay special attention to IT security essentials (BSA, 2003). The threats on this front are new to many organizations, and there is no established framework by which IT security issues can be handled, which is a major obstacle to effective handling of IT related security issues (BSA, 2003). This review analysis research carried out by experts in the IT industry; and recommendations given to organizations to overhaul their IT and IT risk management. Information plays a key role in achieving business goals of any organization, yet it is the least understood by management factors since the process of attaining security is quite something which needs to change (COBIT). Corporate management has taken a mainly passive role when it comes to the management of IT resources and the security threats associated with it (COBIT). The defensive management technique has continued to put more pressure on the entire organizational management structure and industry experts agree that unless the management plays a more active role business will suffer on very many angles (COBIT). What is needed is a promotion of awareness on all levels corporate management structure to put firms in a position to face the new age challenge of cyber insecurity (ISO, 2011). Security governance principles The gravity of security threats to the IT departments of many businesses has necessitated intervention of both the government and corporate stakeholders into security governance. Security governance frameworks provide aroadmap for the implementation, evaluation and improvement of information security practices (BSA, 2003). One way to go about this is to develop a governance framework which allocates roles to different members of the management, from the CEO to the CIO (BSA, 2003). ISO has been relentless in pursuit of proper regulations to enhance security of information assets. ISO/IEC 17799 is the new standard that has received a lot of praise from industry players. The standard is regarded as the most important standard for the safe management of information with regard to security Why stakeholders should be involved in IT governance According to research carried out by BSA, customers are more responsive to products that are delivered through secure IT channels. Vendors also want assurance that the networks handling their personal information are secure and will not breach their personal security (BSA, 2003). Organizations such as COBIT provide a guide on IT governance frameworks managers should adapt (COBIT). The organization also recommends the involvement of top management in management of IT related risks, a deviation from the traditional approach to the issue. COBIT recommends that the IT governance framework to adapt should attain the following objectives. Firstly, IT should be aligned with the business objectives of the organization so that its role in the daily business operations of the organization is enhanced. Secondly, IT department should help the organization achieve its mission objectives and maximize the organizations benefits. Thirdly, IT resources should be handled with the same level of seriousness as other resources in the organization. Effective handling of the IT resource will ensure that its benefits to the firm are impproved and its cost implications are justified in its use. Explanation and recommendation of IT governance to managers Industry experts concur that managers should stop treating IT governance as a technological concern. The management should realize that the role of IT security extends beyond the mandate of the Chief Information Officer (CIO) (BSA, 2003). Key players in the IT industry also agree that the management is in a better position to ensure best practices and efficient use of technology (BSA, 2003). TheISO also realizes that the level of security of IT, and the controls associated with it should be under the control of the organizations management. Role of IT security professionals in terms of governance A major factor affecting IT resource is the security risks it poses to the organization (COBIT). IT security risks can be very detrimental to the organization, especially if it has a high reliance on IT for its operations (COBIT). Because of these risks, the firm has to have the appropriate measures to minimize the damage IT insecurity causes (COBIT). Conclusion At this point it should be clear to managers that control of the IT resource is not as hard as it is presumed. The stakeholders should realize that legal framework already exists to handle IT security issues (BSA, 2003). BSA also suggests that the industry should develop information security governance framework. Both COBIT and ISO call upon the management to take more initiative in management of IT risks. The urge to evade this management risk could pose serious threats to organization in todays highly competitive business environments (COBIT). Buy custom Information Security Governance essay

The conflicting responses, which the character of Shylock provokes in the audience Essays

The conflicting responses, which the character of Shylock provokes in the audience Essays The conflicting responses, which the character of Shylock provokes in the audience Paper The conflicting responses, which the character of Shylock provokes in the audience Paper Essay Topic: Play Written sometime between 1596 and 1598, The Merchant of Venice is classified as both an early Shakespearean comedy and as a problem play; it is a work in which good triumphs over evil, but serious themes are examined and some issues remain unresolved. In the play, Shakespeare wove together two classic folk tales, one involving a vengeful, greedy creditor trying to take a pound of flesh, the other involving a fight for the hand of a rich princess with a correct choice among three chests and thereby winning his companion. Shakespeares writing of the first tale centres on the Jewish moneylender Shylock who seeks a literal pound of flesh from his Christian opponent, the generous, faithful Antonio. In Shakespeares A Merchant of Venice, the character Shylock provokes conflicting responses in the audience. Throughout the play, Shylock is portrayed as being a greedy, malicious and bitter man, who is hated for his religion and his money lending. However, the audience is still able to recognise an injustice in the way he is treated. Shylock is shunned from society, principally because of his Jewish background. Therefore, the audience have conflicting feelings towards the character. Shakespeare achieves this effect through varying language techniques and dramatic devices. In this essay I will be looking at the different perceptions of Shylock and how Shakespeare controls them in order to answer the question; is Shylock a victim or a villain? The audiences perceptions of Shylock vary dramatically throughout the play. For example, Shakespeare portrays Shylock as being racist, selfish, profane and without integrity in Act 1 Scene 3, during Shylocks aside. Shylock tells the audience: I hate him for he is a Christian. This quote shows Shylock as being racist. Another quote from the aside shows the character as being without integrity: If I can catch him once upon the hip, I will feed fat the ancient grudge I bear him. This quote also shows him as being grudge bearing, ruthless and unforgiving. Passages such as this aside give the audience the perception that Shylock is the villain of the play. Shylock is petty in his hatred of Antonio, and this gives the audience a bad impression of the character. However, the audiences opinion of Shylock changes as the play continues. For example, the audience take a more sympathetic view to Shylock in Act 3 Scene 1. Shylocks To bait fish withal speech is a pivotal moment in the play, and subsequently, is pivotal to the audiences perceptions of Shylock. The speech shows Shylocks sensitive side and sways the audience into thinking that he has reason to be embittered and that perhaps Antonio, plus the other men on the Rialto are the villains of the play, and Shylock is indeed a victim. Certain quotes from the play, such as the comparisons between Christians and Jews: If you prick us, do we not bleed and fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons are particularly powerful moments in the speech and appeal massively to the audiences empathetic side. Overall, the audiences perception of Shylock swings from dislike to sympathy, and from contempt to understanding. Therefore, throughout the play it is hard to suggest whether Shylock is a victim or a villain. During Shakespeares time, anti-Semitism was very prominent. Christians hated Jews for their religious backgrounds and principally, the Jewish role in the death of Jesus Christ. Because of this hatred, many Jews were shunned from society and discriminated against because of their religion. For example, when a Portuguese Jew called Roderigo Lopez was accused of plotting to kill the Queen. During the trial, Lopez was called worse than Judas himself and of a religious profession fit for any execrable undertaking. However, far worse, the Judge himself referred to Lopez as that vile Jew. In The Merchant of Venice Shylocks character reflects the feelings harboured towards the Jews at the time. In the play, Shylock is not allowed to prosper and is particularly denied by Antonio, a wealthy Christian. It is this rivalry between Shylock the Jew and Antonio the Christian that provides the spine of the play. In my opinion, Shakespeare used this rivalry to write the play and in turn highlight the prejudice that was very strong at the time towards Jewish people. Speeches and sections of the play, such as Shylocks speech To bait fish withal portray the message that the Jews are spurned by society, however, they also ask the question of why the Jews are hated when there are so many similarities between Jews and Christians? Therefore, I suggest that Shakespeare wrote the play to educate the audience about Jewish people and how they should not be discriminated against because of their beliefs. The relationship between Antonio and Shylock is very heated. This is highlighted in Act 1 Scene 3 when the bond is agreed between the two. Both men dislike each other and compete intensely for they are both in the money lending trade. Moreover, their hatred runs deep due to their conflicting religions. Antonio is a Christian, and Shylock is an orthodox Jew. My first impressions of Shylock are that he is a shrewd businessman with a ruthless attitude. He is strong willed and determined. I also see him as being bitter and resentful. This opinion is based on Act 1 Scene 3, when Shylock agrees the bond with Antonio. This is apparent throughout the scene and is portrayed by the way Shylock is running the situation. He makes it clear that he is in control and the bond is made to seem far more important to Antonio and Bassanio than it is to Shylock. This is a dramatic device used by Shakespeare that is used to create an image of Shylock. Quotes such as: Three thousand ducats I think I may take his bond show Shylock as being care free about a very large sum of money. Words such as may show that it is not necessary for Shylock to take his bond and consequently, he is in control. This, coupled with the characters demeanour throughout the scene paints the picture that Shylock is very clever, wily and assured with his finances. However, Shylocks aside in this scene conveys to the audience that all is not what it seems; Shylock is acting cool about the bond so as to seem carefree. The aside shows Shylocks darker, far more cynical side. As aforementioned, he speaks of his contempt for Antonio as he is a Christian, and perhaps more importantly, he is a moneylender, who charges no interest on his loans, therefore is Antonio is strong competition to Shylock. Because of this rivalry and the hostility between the two men, either would take delight in having any hold over them. The fact that Shylock has this bind in the early stages of the play tells the audience that he is a villain because he has control over another man once the bond is sealed. Moreover, Antonio is a gentleman and is seen as the hero of the play; therefore, his enemy Shylock must be the villain, particularly if he has a hold over Antonio that could threaten his life. Act 3 Scene 1 is a very instrumental part of the play when answering the question; is Shylock a victim or a villain? In this scene, Shylock reports the loss of his daughter to Solanio, Salarino and consequently the audience. Shylocks daughter, Jessica, has fled Venice and Shylocks care with Lorenzo and all of her fathers wealth. This clearly angers Shylock, however this anger is furthered due to Lorenzos religious beliefs he is a Christian. Shylock and his daughter are Jewish, the fact that Jessica should run away with someone who is not of Jewish background enrages Shylock. This is particularly the case as Jessica ran away with a Christian she ran away with someone whose religion had caused her father so much indiscretion and humiliation. In this scene it is ambiguous as to whether Shylock cares more for the money he has lost, or for the loss of his only daughter. For example, quotes such as: I say my daughter is my own flesh and blood show that Shylock is distraught over the abandonment subjected to him by his daughter. Jessica was all Shylock had, and for her to leave him must have been both deeply hurtful and angering. However, there are many quotes further on in the scene when Shylock is discussing his daughters plight with Tubal, who had been searching for Jessica that suggest otherwise. For example: I would my daughter were dead at my foot, and the jewels in her ear: would she were hearsd at my foot, and the ducats in her coffin this quote is a perfect example of how materialistic Shylock is and how he cares more for his money than for the one person in the world he had a real connection with. This quote in particular shows Shylock, as being a villain, as the audience would find it hard to relate to a man who wishes his own daughter be dead, let alone sympathise with such a person, no matter what has brought this wish to his mind. The language used here is extremely vivid. For example, I would she were hearsd at my foot, and the ducats in her coffin. Words such as coffin and hearsd are excellent expression used to really paint a picture in the audiences mind of Shylock being a heartless murderer. Shakespeare makes it this way so as to create a sense in the audiences mind of Shylock stood over his daughters lifeless body, with his riches returned to him. The effect of this on the audiences opinion of Shylock is that of Shylock being ruthless and overwhelmingly materialistic. Consequently, Shylock is seen as a terrible villain. This negative side to Shylocks character is also highlighted in Act 2 Scene 8, when Salanio speaks of how Shylock reacted to his daughters renunciation. Salanio quotes Shylock as saying: A sealed bag, two sealed bags of ducats, Of double ducats, stolen from me by my daughter, And jewels, two stones, two rich and precious stones, stolen by my daughter: justice, find the girl, She hath the stones upon her and the ducats. This quote shows how Shylock is frenetic about the loss of his daughter; however, he is inconsolable over the taking of his wealth and possessions. This shows Shylock to be obsessed by money, and greedy and selfish in his pursuit for wealth. However, half way through Act 3 Scene 1, Shylock has an infinitely poignant speech in which he outlines the prejudices faced by him. This speech confuses the audience over whether Shylock is a villain or a victim. In this speech beginning To bait fish withal Shylock outlines the prejudices facing him and how they have embittered him. This speech appeals to the audiences sympathy and makes the issue as to whether Shylock is a victim or a villain clouded. During the speech, Shylock compares the similarities and differences between himself and Antonio. When explaining why Antonio has shunned him he says: I am a Jew. This is a massively important moment in the play. Here, the audience is at the point where they are most sympathetic for Shylock as he argues that the reason as to why he has been treated badly is simply for his religious beliefs. Shylock is seen as the victim of racial discrimination, which in modern society is seen as utterly disgraceful. Shakespeare then continues to put forward Shylocks case against Antonio by using many figurative language techniques. For example, vivid imagery is used throughout the speech and this is highlighted by quote such as: I am a Jew. Hath not a Jew eyes? Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions Here repetition is also used to highlight the fact that aside from their religious backgrounds there is nothing palpably different between Shylock the Jew and Antonio the Christian. Repetition is also used further on in the speech: fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons, subject to the same diseases healed by the same means, warmed and cooled by the same winter and summer as a Christian is. This quote is an excellent example of the fantastic imaginary and persuasive language used by Shakespeare. In this quote the audience is on the side of Shylock, the audience realises that he is a victim of racism and can be forgiven for his misdemeanours. This forgiveness is strengthened by Shylock furthering his argument in a far more forceful way as Shakespeare writes an air of defiance into Shylocks persona: if you prick us do we not bleed? If you tickle us do we not laugh? If you poison us do we not die? And if you wrong us shall we not revenge? This quote in particular shows that Shylock, and the entire Jewish race are but only human and in almost every way similar to their Christian counterparts. This has the effect on the audience of thinking that if Shylock is not entirely different from the men on the Rialto and Antonio in particular, why do they hate him so? Shakespeare created this speech for the character to enthral the audience by creating two characters who oppose each other and who the audience can identify with. However as an alternative interpretation, I also believe that Shakespeare created this speech for the audience to give a voice to the Jewish community and perhaps give them a chance to persuade the Christian community to understand that Jews should not be discriminated against because of their beliefs, nor should any religious community. Shakespeare, in my opinion was not a racist man, nor was he afraid to shock an audience. I believe that Shylocks speech was designed to both add weight to the conflict between the two men and consequently the two religions and to add weight to the Jewish plight, which in the days of A Merchant of Venice was met with more than a little trepidation. Whilst the speech uses varying technical devices in order to enthral the audience in Shylocks plight, the language of the speech can be very ordinary. The language still naturally holds a Shakespearean tone and rhythm, however many sentences are distinctly colloquial. Shakespeare uses this effect in order to make the character seem human. This will help the audience to relate to Shylock. This, in turn, will encourage the audience to continue to question whether Shylock is indeed a victim or a villain, which will interest them further in the play. The structure of Act 3 Scene 1 is crucial as to whether the audience sees Shylock as a victim or a villain. The structure is worked so as Shylock is seen as a victim one minute and a villain the next. For example, Shylock is seen as a victim in his speech To bait fish withal yet is seen as a villain just minutes in the play later when he is conversing with Tubal about how Antonio has suffered misfortune with his fleet of ships, and is therefore subject to Shylocks clauses as written in the bond. When Tubal explains Antonios disposition to Shylock, he responds by saying: I am very glad of it, Ill plague him, Ill torture him, I am glad of it. This quote shows the villainous side to Shylock in full light. Shylock is cheered by the news of Antonios loss and looks forward to taking his pound of flesh without haste. This structure is one of the main reasons as to why it is unclear to the audience as to whether Shylock is a victim or indeed whether he is a villain. After Act 3 Scene 1, the audience will be unsure as to whether Shylock is a victim or a villain. Shylock will be seen as a victim of racism due to his speech to bait fish withal and how the Christians scorn him, for example the rudeness shown to him by Salario and Salarino in the scene. The audience will also feel sympathetic to Shylock, as the one person in the world he thought he could trust in has abandoned him with almost his entire wealth. However, the audience will also be aware that the character is materialistic, as shown by his response to his daughters fleeing. The audience will also feel that Shylock is viscous and a coward by how he is delighted by the news that Antonio must take the forfeit as written in the bond and Shylock can take a pound of flesh from him. These conflicting responses, coupled with the structure of this particular scene will make it impossible to decide whether Shylock is definitely a victim or definitely a villain. Another scene that contributes particularly to answering the question: is Shylock a victim or a villain? is Act 4 Scene 1 (the court scene). In this scene, Shylock is questioned as to whether he is certain he wants to take his bond, and with it Antonios life. This scene is very dramatic, however, the audience would be relaxed as they would expect Shylock to give in to the pressure placed on him and not take his bond, the audience expects Shylock to show mercy and not be the villain that he seems to be. However, this is not the case until Shylock is forced into negotiating the bond. It is necessary for Shakespeare to not allow Shylock to show mercy to Antonio, as this would be what the audience expects, which of course would make the outcome of the play rather predictable. Instead, suspense is maintained through Shylocks relentless demand of a pound of Antonios flesh. While the audience expects Shylock to capitulate, he does not. This begins to make the audience unsure of the outcome of the play and makes them anxious as to whether the hero, Antonio, will suffer the unthinkable. Portia also maintains suspense. Bassanios new love is acting as a lawyer for Antonio. She is particularly intelligent and is well aware that there are circumstances in the bond that mean Antonios life will ultimately be spared. However, she does not make these legislations known to the court for some time. She does this in order to give Shylock the opportunity to prove that he is not an unforgiving man by sparing Antonios life and by doing this suggesting that he is misunderstood and mistreated by the Christians. Portia waits right up until Shylock is preparing to plunge the knife into Antonios waiting torso before declaring her knowledge: Shed thou no blood, nor cut thou less nor more but just a pound of flesh: if thou takst more or less than a poundthou diest, all thy goods are confiscate. After Portia has declared this, the suspense is cleared. Shakespeare delivers this scene wonderfully, as the audience are certain that Shylock will surrender, until the knife is almost thrust into Antonios chest and Portia prevents the Christians death. The suspense is maintained throughout, and the audience are still unsure as to whether Shylock is a victim or a villain, which keeps them eternally interested in the play. A variety of dramatic devices are also used in Act 4 Scene 1. For example, the structure of the scene is used as a dramatic device. The scene is littered with long, drawn out speeches, made by the varying characters, particularly Shylock as he argues his case, and by Antonio who protests his innocence. The Duke and Portia also have large parts to play in this scene. The different characters tend to speak in turn throughout the scene, as one would expect from a court scene. This creates the sense of an argument. This coupled with some strong points from each corner make it very hard for the audience to conclude as to who is in the wrong. However, the underlying consensus will be that Antonio does not deserve to die for his misdemeanours. This argumentative structure is particularly prominent towards the beginning of the scene. Firstly, the Duke states the case against Shylock and for Antonio, with a speech that is centred on appealing to Shylocks guilty side, and is designed to make him see sense. The speech has a tone of superiority, even at a time when humility would be well advised, as Shylock holds al the cards. The very last line of the Dukes speech highlights this aloofness, when he spits: We all expect a gentle answer Jew. This quote is hugely effective in making the audience sympathetic towards Shylocks cause, as the reference to Shylocks religious beliefs are completely irrelevant to the running of this trial. Following this, Shylock has his chance to speak and does so by insisting that he will secure his bond, and take a pound of Antonios flesh: And by our Holy Sabbath I have sworn to have the due and forfeit of my bond. After both sides have stated their cases, the argument becomes more frantic with the characters remaining stubborn and continuing their argument in short bursts. For example, Bassanio argues with Shylock, suggesting that Shylock is inhumane with rhetorical questions, such as: Do all men kill the things they do not love? It is short and well-timed phrases or questionings such as these, which continue throughout the scene, making it difficult for the audience to conclude as to whether Shylock is a victim or a villain. As an alternative interpretation, these rhetorical questions and short, snappy accusations, which Shylock has no chance to dismiss, may reflect the trial itself. The trial is certainly less than fair, and the pressure that the defending characters put on Shylock is also unnecessary. This is similar to the way Shylock is unable to defend himself from the threats and accusations sent his way. Overall, the structure of the scene makes it very hard for the audience to conclude as to whether Shylock is a victim or a villain. This is due to the opposing arguments being put forward in turn by each member of the scene, thus creating an uncertainty as to who is in the right, or wrong. These arguments are both equally convincing. However, overall, Shylock is made to be seem villainous by the structure of the scene as he is forced to remain stubborn and repel the opposition time after time as their case is argued often and in short and some long bursts, rather than Shylock denying their pleaful requests once only. Shakespeare has structured the scene this way in order for the audience to be unsure of who is in the right. The audience members will be able to identify with both sides of the argument, therefore they will want to follow the play further as the suspense is maintained as to who will prevail, and ultimately who will be the victim, and who will be the villain. As the scene unfolds, Shylock seems to be facing a battle that was lost before he began. The population of the courtroom is against him and his wishes. Shylock faces tremendous pressure from the defenders of Antonio, and Antonio himself, not to mention the Duke (the judge) also. While Shylock seems to be losing his battle, the audience feels ultimately that right has been done, in saving Antonios life, however, there is a sense of injustice as to how Shylock has been treated. Throughout the scene, Shylock is badgered by his opposition as they try to make him feel guilty for claiming what is rightfully his. This is highlighted by quotes such as: Not on thy sole, harsh Jew, thou makst thy knife keen. But no metal can, no, not the hangmans axe, bear half the keenness of thy sharp envy. Can no prayers pierce thee? reasons Gratiano, as he seeks to save Antonio by swaying the mind of Shylock and his conscience. Shylock continues to seek what is rightfully his, when Gratiano outrages: O be thou damned, inexcrable dog. This quote shows that Shylock is being treated awfully during the trial, and the trial is anything but fair. However, the audience will side with Antonio because they will believe that he does not deserve to die for his crime. However, the truth remains that Shylock has been denied the right to a fair trial and is being bullied by the many people who oppose him, just as they bully him on the rialto. This will endear the audience to Shylock, and will make him seem more of a victim than a villain for large parts of this scene. This is highlighted particularly at the beginning of the scene when the audience believe that he will relent and not exact his revenge on Antonio, and when the Duke opens the case with a speech that is very patronising and cruel to Shylock. For example, the aforementioned quote We all expect a gentle answer Jew is the last line in his speech, which will make the audience feel great sorrow for Shylock, as he is seemingly shunned due to his religious beliefs. Shylock is offered compensation in place of the money he has lost, three thousand ducats and more is offered his way in order to save the life of Antonio. However, Shylock denies this opportunity. This shows that Shylock is not as materialistic and greedy as his reaction to the loss of his daughter had suggested. His reasoning highlights this: If every ducat in six thousand ducats were in six parts and every part a ducat I would not draw them; I would have my bond. This shows Shylock to have some morals, he will stand by his beliefs, however, this is contradicted as his beliefs involve the murdering of a largely innocent man. Shylock is offered the money repeatedly throughout the scene. However, he denies it upon every occasion it is thrust in his direction. Antonio and his defence offer the money to Shylock repeatedly in order to appeal to his pocket, and his mind, and ultimately forfeit the bond. However, Shylock will not falter. This creates an opinion in the audience of Shylock being a villain. This is because Shylock must ignore the pleading of the Christians each time they remonstrate with him. This means that Shylock will deny Antonio many times, therefore the audience begin to realise that he is serious about exacting his bond, and taking the life of another, thus rendering him a murderer, and a villain of the highest calibre.

The Historic Olmec City of San Lorenzo

The Historic Olmec City of San Lorenzo The Olmec culture thrived along Mexico’s Gulf coast from roughly 1200 B.C. to 400 B.C. One of the most important archaeological sites associated with this culture is known as San Lorenzo. Once, there was a great city there. Its original name has been lost to time. Considered by some archaeologists to be the first true Mesoamerican city, San Lorenzo was a very important center of Olmec commerce, religion, and political power during its heyday. Location San Lorenzo is located in Veracruz State, about 38 miles (60km) from the Gulf of Mexico. The Olmecs could not have selected a better site to build their first great city. The site was originally a large island in the middle of the Coatzacoalcos River, although the course of the river has since changed and now only flows past one side of the site. The island featured a central ridge, high enough to escape any flooding. The floodplains along the river were very fertile. The location is close to sources of stone which were used for making sculptures and buildings. Between the river on either side and the high central ridge, the site was easily defended from enemy attack. Occupation of San Lorenzo San Lorenzo was first occupied around 1500 B.C., making it one of the oldest sites in the Americas. It was home to three early settlements, referred to as the Ojochà ­ (1500-1350 B.C.), the Bajà ­o (1350-1250 B.C.), and the Chichrras (1250-1150 B.C.). These three cultures are considered pre-Olmec and are largely identified by pottery types. The Chicharrs period begins to show characteristics later identified as Olmec. The city reached its peak in the period from 1150 to 900 B.C. before falling into decline. This is referred to as the San Lorenzo era. There may have been some 13,000 inhabitants at San Lorenzo during the height of its power (Cyphers). The city then went into decline and passed into the Nacaste period from 900 to 700 B.C. The Nacaste did not have the skills of their forebears and added little in the way of art and culture. The site was abandoned for some years before the Palangana era (600-400 B.C.). These later inhabitants contributed some small mounds and a ball cou rt. The site was then abandoned for over a thousand years before it was re-occupied during the Late Classic era of Mesoamerican civilization, but the city never regained its former glory. The Archaeological Site San Lorenzo is a sprawling site which includes not only the one-time metropolis of San Lorenzo but several smaller towns and agricultural settlements that were controlled by the city. There were important secondary settlements at Loma del Zapote, where the river forked to the south of the city, and El Remolino, where the waters re-converged to the north. The most important section of the site is on the ridge, where the nobility and priest classes lived. The western side of the ridge is known as the â€Å"royal compound,† as it was home to the ruling class. This area has yielded a treasure trove of artifacts, particularly sculptures. The ruins of an important structure, the â€Å"red palace,† are also found there. Other highlights include an aqueduct, interesting monuments scattered around the site, and several artificial pits known as â€Å"lagunas,† the purpose of which is still unclear. Stonework Very little of Olmec culture has survived to the present day. The climate of the steamy lowlands where they lived has destroyed any books, burial sites, and items of cloth or wood. The most important remnants of the Olmec culture are therefore architecture and sculpture. Fortunately for posterity, the Olmec were talented stonemasons. They were capable of transporting large sculptures and blocks of stone for masonry for distances of up to 60 kilometers (37 miles). The stones were probably floated part of the way on sturdy rafts. The aqueduct at San Lorenzo is a masterpiece of practical engineering. Hundreds of similarly-carved basalt troughs and covers weighing many tons were laid out in such a way as to promote the flow of water to its destination, which was a duck-shaped cistern designated Monument 9 by archaeologists. Sculpture The Olmec were great artists and the most remarkable feature of San Lorenzo is doubtless the several dozen sculptures that have been discovered at the site and nearby secondary sites like Loma del Zapote. The Olmec were famous for their detailed sculptures of colossal heads. Ten of these heads have been found at San Lorenzo. The largest of them is nearly ten feet tall. These massive stone heads are believed to depict rulers. At nearby Loma del Zapote, two finely sculpted, nearly identical twins face two jaguars. There are also several massive stone thrones at the site. All in all, dozens of sculptures have been found in and around San Lorenzo. Some of the statues were carved out of earlier works. Archaeologists believe that the statues were used as elements in scenes with religious or political meaning. The pieces would be laboriously moved around to create different scenes. Politics San Lorenzo was a powerful political center. As one of the first Mesoamerican cities - if not the first - it did not have true contemporary rivals and ruled over a large area. In the immediate environs, archaeologists have discovered many small settlements and dwellings, mostly located on hilltops. The smaller settlements were likely ruled by members or appointments of the royal family. Smaller sculptures have been found at these peripheral settlements, suggesting that they were sent there from San Lorenzo as a form of cultural or religious control. These smaller sites were used in the production of food and other resources and were of strategic use militarily. The royal family ruled this mini-empire from the heights of San Lorenzo. Decline and Importance In spite of its promising start, San Lorenzo fell into steep decline and by 900 B. C. was a shadow of its former self. The city would be abandoned a few generations later. Archaeologists do not really know why San Lorenzos glory faded so soon after its classic era. There are a few clues, however. Many of the later sculptures were carved out of earlier ones, and some are only half-completed. This suggests that perhaps rival cities or tribes came to control the countryside, making the acquisition of new stone difficult. Another possible explanation is that if the population somehow declined, there would be insufficient manpower to quarry and transport new material. The era around 900 B.C. is also historically linked to some climatic changes, which could well have adversely affected San Lorenzo. As a relatively primitive, developing culture, the people of San Lorenzo subsisted on a handful of core crops, hunting, and fishing. A sudden change in climate could affect these crops, as well as the nearby wildlife. San Lorenzo, while not a spectacular place for visitors like Chichà ©n Itz or Palenque, is nevertheless an extremely important historical city and archaeological site. The Olmec is the parent culture of all of those which came later in Mesoamerica, including the Maya and Aztecs. As such, any insight gained from the earliest major city is of inestimable cultural and historical value. It is unfortunate that the city has been raided by looters and many priceless artifacts have been lost or rendered valueless by being removed from their place of origin. It is possible to visit the historical site, although many of the sculptures are currently found elsewhere, such as the Mexican National Museum of Anthropology and the Xalapa Anthropology Museum. Sources Coe, Michael D. Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs. Ancient Peoples and Places, Rex Koontz, 7th Edition, Thames Hudson, June 14, 2013. Cyphers, Ann. San Lorenzo, Veracruz. Arqueologà ­a Mexicana, No. 87, 2019. Diehl, Richard. The Olmecs: Americas First Civilization. Ancient Peoples Places, Hardcover, Thames Hudson, December 31, 2004.

Be An Anthropologist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Be An Anthropologist - Essay Example This may have resulted from the existence of independent sub-fields within the subject. This paper will, therefore, investigate anthropology from a physical anthropologist perspective. The paper will also examine evolution based on cultural anthropology. The discussion within this paper seeks to establish the relationship between the two different points of view and its implications towards the subject. Physical anthropology is both a social science as well as a biological science. Physical anthropology deals with adaptations and variations in the human species as implied by biological principles and theories. The social aspect of physical anthropology seeks to establish the implications of human variations and adaptations on human behavior and culture. Human evolution stands out as a major subject within physical anthropology since it determines human developments and relations. Physical anthropologists consider evolution as accumulation of changes within consecutive generations. Th is implies that evolution results from the heritage of inheritable factors from successive generations. Although there are several inheritable characteristics within the human species, not all potential characteristics contribute to evolution. The desirable character within a population dominates the undesirable characteristics within a successive generation in a given population. ... Physical anthropologists analyze DNA to study human evolution, and this indicates the importance of biology in the subject. DNA is a substance contained in all living cells of an organism. Biologists claim that this substance contains or carries hereditary materials (gene) from parents to their offspring. Studying the DNA enables anthropologists to define the relationship between people. DNA analysis enables physical anthropologists to study successive changes within humanity that constitute evolution. The analysis, therefore, enables a physical anthropologist to validate the existence of evolution. Differences within humanity resulting from geographical disparities can also be explained through DNA analysis. DNA analysis is important to a physical anthropologist; however, it does not sufficiently explain the origin and evolution of the human race. Physical anthropologists also consider cultural analysis to be an important aspect of the discipline. To study evolution, physical anthro pologists study the relationships between culture and biological characteristics of humanity and rely on knowledge and theories developed by other academic discipline. Biological theories and principles on DNA enable physical anthropologists to study human evolution and evolutionary differences. Studying different languages among different communities also contributes to evolution knowledge among physical anthropologists. The book Man, Mind and Science by Leaf is a very useful resource in anthropology. The resource contains relevant information on physical anthropology. According to the resource, evolution is a continuous process that depends on various aspect of humanity. The source proves that evolution theories can only be validated through a

Cost Reduction and Management of an Organization Essay

Cost Reduction and Management of an Organization - Essay Example Today, cost reduction as well as management happens to be the most essential thing for any organization. An organized endeavor which is intended to analyze the systems, practices, procedures, products and specifications for satisfaction of necessary functions at lowest possible cost of ownership is to be designed. This integrated effort is to be taken keeping the expected performance, quality, reliability as well as maintainability is mind. Cost reduction is not only essential, but also possible. Organizations increasingly are focusing on having models that can enable them to achieve this target. There are also software vendors who have understood the importance of this and have designed solutions catering to this need of companies looking at cost reduction by several techniques like Activity based costing and application of value analysis and value engineering. A case in point is the product of IBM, which is industry leading solution called Telecom Pass 4.0 for telecommunication industry featuring cost management and cost reduction techniques Value analysis is a tool for improvement of cost as well as processes making an use of information about the processes of business and based on examination of different attributes of the processes for identifying areas of improvement. This is an organized method which focuses on the function of each process, service or material that adds value to the organization and there by attempts to define the correct cost, quality and parameters of acceptance in the determination of value so as to be able to redesign or reengineer a particular function. It is a structured and critical analytical process which determines the value of each rupee spent by finding out which are the most essential functions at the most economic cost thereby bringing out the value for money. Value analysis (alternately called as value engineering) happens to be a cost validation exercise that identifies required processes without affecting the quality of output resulting in lower costs. The application of value engineering comprises of the following activities: Identifying the existing activities and processes Finding out activities that can be eliminated Analyzing the cost. Performing a cost benefits analysis. Making a forecast of expenditure flows. Evaluation of alternative designs. Redesigning the process Maintaining quality Undertaking feasibility Studies. Giving an advise on cost planning Giving an advice on cost limits and preparing budgets. Advising on cash flow forecasting. Activity Based Costing (ABC) It is a methodology applied for calculation of cost of the business by having a focus on the actual cost of the activities carried out for having an estimate of the actual cost of service or the product. It takes into consideration the conversion of cash based accounting system into accrual systems, defining the cost centers as well as cost allocation. Cost centers include products and services. Apart from this it also includes particular and detailed tasks in under each broad activity. Defining of cost centers varies with different kinds of businesses, but what is essential is that each and every activity and resources is identified. After identification of cost centers, the study of activities of each cost centre as

American Lives as they were before, during, and after The Civil War Essay

American Lives as they were before, during, and after The Civil War - Essay Example ix). Of course this was in reference to slavery and ensuring that there would one day be the possibility to eliminate slavery from the face of the United States altogether. From a historical perspective it can be assumed that this was one of the main forces that led up to the beginnings of the Civil War. Southerners were against freeing slaves and when the two sides clashed it promoted a split of ideas across the borders and states of the country. All of this took a great deal of time before War seemed to be the only way to change the future outcome of the people in America. Many states in the Deep South had their own particular way of life before the civil war. Many of the upper class southerners had huge slave plantations that were ran by enslaved African Americans. Some of the slave masters were decent individuals who treated their workers fairly and without prejudice yet they kept them as slaves which went against many beliefs of those in the Northern states of the country. ... one well known area that utilized slave workers quite abundantly and as has been stated there were differing degrees to how this was carried out and how it was perceived. The frontier of plantations in Florida was abundant in the era before the civil war, with these lands accruing miles upon miles of land. Many of them had cotton and sugar, of which slave women would work in, picking the cotton and processing the sugar, then the plantation owners selling it for sustenance to live on. Of course there was great wealth to be made for those who owned slave plantations in the time period under discussion (Baptist 2002, p.1).Furthermore, history shows that there were many reasons why there was such a high migration to the Deep South by white citizens, especially to the region of Florida and the outlying states surrounding it. The soil was good for planting in the state as well as growing orchards for spring harvests, of which many southerners were very found of. Before the civil war, white upper class southern families had their fortunes laid out for them. They had opportunities that were vast and land that was open for claiming, however their abuse of African Americans and using them as slave workers the way the did was one of the very reasons that destroyed the southern way of life (Baptist 2002, pg.1). Though times were extremely good for the white settlers, they were extremely poor for the black people of the south. The reason for this was there was no equality, no chance for African Americans to break free from the chains of slavery, no opportunities to become separate individuals from their slave masters. For African Americans, many times their lives seemed hopeless to them as they were sold in and out of slavery, never being able to hold on to any form of

Children killers Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Children killers - Annotated Bibliography Example hs Prophet†, the author, Sina illustrates that Kony Joseph proclaimed himself as one of the spokespersons of God before ruling over the Ugandan people. After gaining the trust of the people, Kony Joseph then takes advantage of the children and orders them to become soldiers and participate in child-sex activities. The act makes the Uganda people to hate Kony since he misleads the young children into activity that they dislike. Twesigye, Emmanuel, the author of the book, â€Å"Religion, Politics, and Cults in East Africa: Gods Warriors and Marys Saints† argue that Kony Joseph was a spiritual leader before being brutal to his own people. The author identifies that at first all the Ugandan citizens promoted the works done by the Lord’s Resistance Army movement since it was fighting for the human rights. However, the movement later begun rejecting own people and participated in brutal family murders. In the book, â€Å"Unarmed and in Harms Way, My Obsession with Ending Violence† the author, Hoffman Ben mentions that Joseph is responsible for numerous deaths in the entire east African society. Hoffman later identifies in the book that Kony has contributed to numerous wars in diverse nations such as Southern Sudan, Central African Republic and Congo. For reasons of contributing to the wars, the international criminal court is charging Kony as a criminal. In the book, â€Å"Living with Bad Surroundings: War, History, and Everyday Moments in Northern Uganda†, the author, Finnstrom, identifies that most of the children in Uganda have turned into participating into criminal activity. Since the LRA has recruited almost all the young children into soldiers, the children are forced to participate into wars. Finnstrom identifies that the children that deny the offer of the job are killed or the ears, lips and the nose are cut off. The author of the book, â€Å"Social Torture: The Case of Northern Uganda, 1986-2006†, Dolan identifies that Kony was a raised up Christian by the

Art Appreciation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Art Appreciation - Essay Example Although these artists came from different places, their works exhibited some similarities. Equally, they had many differences including the intention and purpose of their artworks. During the ancient time, the pharaohs and other Egyptian authorities were powerful and had much influence on every economic sector. As a result, Egyptians were subjected to strict artistic laws. The authorities ensured every artist in the country worked and performed his/her acts under the specific rules of symmetry enacted by the government (Robins 12). In addition, the authorities dictated their work and used them mostly for ceremonial activities organized in the country. On the other hand, Greeks had freedom and power to perform their arts freely without interference from the government. They had the freedom to use their talents and gifts to experiment with every style and concept they liked or saw. As a result, art in Greece was a way of expressing ones thoughts and ideas freely as opposed to Egypt where artists were restricted and had suggestions of what to do from the authorities. Furthermore, Egyptian artist`s works were much more religion-oriented. They did pictures and portraits depicting their gods with holy writings of the scriptures on their artworks. Most of their royal hieroglyphs and incantations were written throughout their beautiful and attractive pyramids (Robins 18). Furthermore, due to the authoritative and influential nature of their kings and officials, artists viewed their king as holy and divine and did most of their artworks to honor and respect them. In contrast, in Greece artworks were not religious oriented. These groups of brilliant and creative artists did their work based on the philosophy and moral balance. Most of their artworks reflected their thoughts and views on various important and pressing issues in the society and world at large. For instance, Greeks statues exhibited emotions. Greeks brought out their real

Artist reaserch and comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Artist reaserch and comparison - Essay Example Born in 1967, and currently around 43 years of age, Tomma Abts was born in Germany but she currently lives in London, England. In fact, she has been living in London since 1995. She had a tough time during her early days since she had to jobs in telemarketing positions, which is not â€Å"her thing.† However, things have changed and for the past few years, she has been able to finance her living with her painting and art. Tomma Abts is for sure, one of most interesting and fascinating painters of the present times. As mentioned earlier that she never had any formal training. May be that explains why she does not seem to be following any traditional and pre defined rules of painting (Hoptman, Verwoert & Hainley, pp. 32-39). She has a completely different approach as compared to the other painters as if she is challenging the traditional and classical approach to painting. Beginning the painting without any pre defined objective, name, thought or approach for painting, always sticking to small paintings, (she says that all her paintings are 48 x 38 centimeters) and others show that she has some what a rebel inside her (Hoptman, Verwoert & Hainley, pp. 32-39). The upcoming section of this paper would go in the detail of her paintings while comparing it with the painting of Brice Marden. Without any doubts, Brice Marden is one of the biggest names in art industry. Born on October 15, 1938, he joined the Boston University for studying fine and applied arts in the year 1961. Moreover, his biography also shows that he holds a Master of Fine Arts degree from Yale school of arts and architecture in the year 1963. Since then, he deserves the credit of brining up a new chapter in the art history. Although he is somewhat associated with the movement of minimalism in art, which is an old movement but he has taken it to completely different and levels in his own style. This American artist is not only a member of American Academy of art and Architecture but he has

Art Appreciation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Art Appreciation - Essay Example Although these artists came from different places, their works exhibited some similarities. Equally, they had many differences including the intention and purpose of their artworks. During the ancient time, the pharaohs and other Egyptian authorities were powerful and had much influence on every economic sector. As a result, Egyptians were subjected to strict artistic laws. The authorities ensured every artist in the country worked and performed his/her acts under the specific rules of symmetry enacted by the government (Robins 12). In addition, the authorities dictated their work and used them mostly for ceremonial activities organized in the country. On the other hand, Greeks had freedom and power to perform their arts freely without interference from the government. They had the freedom to use their talents and gifts to experiment with every style and concept they liked or saw. As a result, art in Greece was a way of expressing ones thoughts and ideas freely as opposed to Egypt where artists were restricted and had suggestions of what to do from the authorities. Furthermore, Egyptian artist`s works were much more religion-oriented. They did pictures and portraits depicting their gods with holy writings of the scriptures on their artworks. Most of their royal hieroglyphs and incantations were written throughout their beautiful and attractive pyramids (Robins 18). Furthermore, due to the authoritative and influential nature of their kings and officials, artists viewed their king as holy and divine and did most of their artworks to honor and respect them. In contrast, in Greece artworks were not religious oriented. These groups of brilliant and creative artists did their work based on the philosophy and moral balance. Most of their artworks reflected their thoughts and views on various important and pressing issues in the society and world at large. For instance, Greeks statues exhibited emotions. Greeks brought out their real

Con side of John McCain's healthcare plan for Economic class Essay

Con side of John McCain's healthcare plan for Economic class - Essay Example This sounds like pie in the sky rhetoric to many economists. Insurance companies are driven by competition; therefore they act in their own self-interest. The interest of the insurance company is to insure as many healthy people as possible so they dont need to respond to insurance claims from the insured. Covering someone with a pre-existing condition, such as cancer is not in the best interest of the insurance company, no matter how much competition is introduced into the industry (Krugman). Also troubling is McCains ideological methodology for implementing increased competition, namely, decreased regulation. During the height of the campaign to be elected president, John McCain published an article in a magazine called Contingencies, which is published by the American Academy of Actuaries. McCain actually writes in the article that he would follow a similar course in deregulating the health care sector of the economy in much the same manner as we have deregulated the financial sector. Having the article published in the midst of the Wall Street meltdown makes McCains anti-regulation ideology seem dated and out of touch (Balz). After the Wall Street meltdown and the catastrophic failure of the market to regulate itself, proposing a free market solution to health care simply because it introduces competition sounds naà ¯ve, economically

Aqa Business Studies Essay Example for Free

Aqa Business Studies Essay Explain two benefits to them of setting up the business as a partnership. (4 marks) Explain two ways that Expresso Printing Ltd could motivate its two new employees (4 Marks) Explain two possible effects on Good for Us of lowering its prices (4 Marks) Good for Us prides itself in providing good customer service. Explain two ways in which Good for Us could provide good customer service (4 Marks) Explain the benefits to Darren of producing a business plan (4 Marks) Explain two benefits to Darren of aiming his product range at a gap in the market (4 Marks) Explain why the charity uses volunteers in the shop and not paid workers (4 Marks) Explain why the profit or loss made in November 2010 has changed from the ? 50 000 profit made in November 2009. (4 marks) Using the data in Figure 1, calculate the profit or loss made by Atkins Ltd in November 2010. (4 Marks) Explain why it is important and how does it benefit Atkins Ltd for having a high quality product. (4 Marks) Explain one advantage and one disadvantage for Jenny of operating as a franchise. 4 Marks) Explain two possible reasons why A to Z Frames has highly paid workers (4 Marks) Explain how STS would benefit from improving its customer service. (4 Marks) State one other source of finance and explain why it might be suitable for Tony and Rima (4 Marks) Explain the possible effects on Meals for All of using cheaper ingredients (4 Marks) Describe the effect that the opening of the new pizza takeaway might have on two different groups of stakeholders of Marco’s business (4 Marks) Explain what other information Marco would need to consider before deciding whether to reduce his price (4 Marks) Explain two advantages to Budget Signs Ltd of using batch production to produces its large range of standard signs (4 Marks) Explain two advantages to Budget Signs Ltd of using job production to produces its large range of standard signs (4 Marks) Explain two disadvantages to Budget Signs Ltd of using batch production to produces its large range of standard signs (4 Marks) Explain two disadvantages to Budget Signs Ltd of using job production to produces its large range of standard signs (4 Marks) State and explain two reasons why the company mainly employs part – time staff State and explain two reasons why the company mainly employs full – time staff Explain two benefits to them of setting up the business as a company. (4 marks) Explain two benefits to them of setting up the business as a franchise. (4 marks) Explain two benefits to them of setting up the business as a partnership. (4 marks)

Emerging Issues For Cultural And Urban Tourism Tourism Essay

Emerging Issues For Cultural And Urban Tourism Tourism Essay Firms are acknowledged to be important actors involved in the deployment of resources available to a tourism destination. In turn, successful tourism firms can contribute to building the competitive advantage of tourism destinations through affecting a destinations tourism product or service. The present study analyses business performance in urban tourism using networks and entrepreneurial perceptions over a citys asset base as a framework of competitive performance. Business performance is measured in terms of productive efficiency-that is, technical and scale efficiency. Results indicate that networks and entrepreneurial perceptions of a citys asset base constitute important determinants of the successful operation of tourism businesses. INTRODUCTION Tourism has developed into one of the worlds most important industries, with more than 846 million international tourist trips globally in 2006 (World Tourism Organisation). It is also one of the fastest-growing sectors of the UK economy, worth  £85 billion in 2005 and employing some 2 million people (Star UK). As a result, tourism is associated with the injection of revenue into national, regional and local economies. Ref: www.forestresearch.gov.uk/fr/urgc-7EEGJR Urban Tourism: The Visitor Economy or Growth of big Cities, Christopher Law examines the relationship between tourism and urban areas. He distinguishes between primary and secondary, and additional elements of citys tourism resources. Primary elements provide the reasons why tourists use to visit cities. Secondary elements is accommodation and shopping as well as more elements like transportation or tourist information are also very important for the success of urban tourism, but they are not the main attractor of visitors. Urbanisation and process of acute city growth due to high productive economic activities around the city, often at the expense of rural and agricultural hinterlands, is largely a product of the 20th Century particularly in the wake of the Industrial Revolution and the arrival of Automobile Industry. Globalization is promiscuous, controversial word that often obscures more than it reveals about the geographical, environmental, economic, political, social, and cultural changes. It is good used to denote a multi centric, multi scalar, multiform, and multi causal process, which has much less of explanting and more of explanandum. In recent analysis globalization has found to be about place and scale. This argues is that infiltrating of globalization to cities and identities as challenging paradigm. According to Castells (1993:247), cities are inherently composite entities. That is why they are the result of changing structural determinants interacting with multiple specificities rooted in history. Capitalist to make a change since the crisis of the 1970s has produced the latest structural determinants, collectively termed globalization, which have created new world cities (Friedmann, 1986) or global cities (Sassen, 1991). However this is only part of story. In addition, the historical and cultural characterizing are not constants; their efects on city development alter as changing economic and political bring forth new meanings for old practices (Taylor Hoyler, 2000). In urban planning area it is often difficult to track the origin of some concepts as in the sciences. Theories and ideas are often products of collective to try. It would be very difficult to identify who used the term globalization for first time. According to Waters whose book titled Globalization is fine primer, Robertson was one of the early users of term (Robertson, 1983; 1992). The topic Globalisation and the attendant challenges for politics, economics, culture and humanity in the human society has become a source of big concern for religious leaders and leader of thought around the world. Now when joined with the actuality of Urbanisation and Post Modernity, the challenges become even more typical. The invention in modern communication technology with emergence of the computer or internet, which have defeat space and contract the world to a global village, the globalisation of the economy and industry, by which a few countries are growing ever more affluent, while the fortunes of the number of people are ever worsening. That is why the phenomenon of internationalisation as well as urbanization and post-modernity which in many ways influence how people live and relate, should be a matter of concern to leaders of the Christian Church. In this matter therefore we shall think carefully about what the world was like before the era of globalisation and what globalisation has brought upon morality the good, the bad and the ugly aspect of the fact. We should look at the rising trend in urbanization and what challenges it sets to wholesome human existence. Then we shall look at the complex originality of post-modernity and how it challenges our religious, spiritual and social values. We shall then discuss the way Urban tourism is the group of tourist resources or activities situated in towns and cities and offered to visitors from elsewhere. Historic attributes of buildings, neighbourhoods, and special landmarks emphasize the local character of an area. Historic districts are normally very pedestrian friendly with a mix of attractions and amenities that are not so complex. Not matter if it is for transportation or entertainment, urban waters have always attracted people out of need or pleasure. Convention Centres and Exhibitions are mostly called as one of the staples of city tourism. In some cities, up to forty percent of those staying overnight have come for this type of business tourism. Festivals and Events have become a popular means for cities to boost tourism. They range in size and number from one time events like the World Exhibition or the Olympics to annual events like Folk Music Festivals or Gallery Nights. Friendliness is also one of the most important cultural features of the tourism industry. Professionalism and excellence of service provided to visitors begins with friendliness. Key factors in visitors decision to visit a place are friendly, hospitable people. MAIN BODY NEW YORK  Ã‚  In his essay Taming the Bicycle, Mark Twain cautiously recommended bicycling: You will not regret it, if you live. That has always gone doubly for biking in New York. But the city has undergone a two-wheeled makeover. In the past four years, the New York City Department of Transportation has added more than 200 miles of bikes lanes. The number of cyclists has increased 80 percent in the past decade. The citys goal is 1,800 miles of total bike lanes by 2030. Earlier this year, National Geographic Traveller magazine did something that might once have been unthinkable: It ranked New York the second-most bike-friendly city in the country, after Portland, Ore. While biking has exploded for New Yorkers, tourists are quietly following. It is, after all, a great way to experience a new place: Faster than walking so you can cover a lot of ground, but far closer to your surroundings than a car. In New York, it can be dizzying: rolling past Washington Square Park one moment, breezing along the Hudson River the next. In a city where freedom of movement can often feel gridlocked, on a bike, one sails through the throngs. Musician and New Yorker David Byrne wrote in his 2009 book Bicycle Diaries that riding through a city is like navigating the collective neural pathways of some vast global mind. The neural pathways of New York, though, are often strewn with potholes, aggressive drivers, unobservant pedestrians and often the worst of all pushy cyclists. New York has been significantly tamed when it comes to biking, but it isnt exactly Amsterdam. Nevertheless, tourists, having long endured double-decker buses and plodding ferries, are understandably looking for a new vantage point. A number of tours have sprung up and found visitors willing to strap on a helmet. www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39536483/ns/travel-destination_travel/ Tourism in the United States  is a big industry that serves millions of international and domestic tourists. Tourists visit the US to see natural wonders, historic landmarks and entertainment venues. Americans seek same attractions, as well as recreation areas. Tourism in the United States grew vastly in the form of urban tourism during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. By the 1850s, tourism in the United States was fully established both as a cultural activity and as an industry.  New York,  Washington, D.C.  and San Francisco, all main US cities, attracted a huge number of tourists by the 1890s. By 1915, city touring had marked significant shifts in the way Americans perceived, organized and moved around in urbanisation. Democratization of travel takes place during the early twentieth century when the automobile changed travel. Similarly  air travel  changed travel during 1945-1969, contributing greatly to tourism in the United States. By 2007 the number of international tourists had reached to over 56 million people who spent $122.7 billion dollars, setting an all time record. The travel and  tourism industry  in the United States was among the first commercial casualties of the  September 11, 2001 attacks, a series of terrorist  on the US. Terrorists used four commercial airliners as means of destruction, all of which were collapsed in the attacks with 3,000 casualties. In the US, tourism is either the first, second or third biggest employer in 29 states, employing 7.3 million in 2004, to take care of 1.19 billion trips tourists took in the US in 2005. As of 2007, there are 2,462 National Historic Landmarks  (NHL) recognized by the  United States government. As of 2008, the most popular  tourist attraction  in the US is  Times Square  in  Manhattan,  New York City  which attracts approximately 35 million visitors. New York,  Washington, D.C.  and  San Francisco, all big US cities, attracted a huge number of tourists by the 1890s.  New Yorks population raise from 300,000 in 1840 to 800,000 in 1850.  Chicago experienced a dramatic increased from 4,000 residents in 1840 to 300,000 by 1870. Dictionaries was first published the word tourist sometime in 1800, when it was referred to those going to Europe or making a trip of natural wonders in New York and  New England. The absence of urban tourism during the nineteenth century was in part because American cities lacked the architecture and art which attracted visitors to Europe. American cities try to offend the sensitive with ugliness and  commercialism  rather than inspire awe or aesthetic pleasure.  Some tourists were fascinated by the vast growth of the new urban areas: It is a big thing to watch the process of world-making; both the combination of the natural and the conventional world, wrote English writer Harriet Martineau i n 1837. By 1915, city touring had marked remarkable shifts in the way Americans aware, organized and moved around in urbanisation. Urban tourism became a earning industry in 1915 as the number of tour agencies, railroad departments, publishers and travel writers grew at a fast pace.  The expense of pleasure tours meant that only the minority of Americans between 1850 and 1915 can be experience the luxury of tourism.   Many Americans moved to find work, but few found time for enjoyment of the urbanisation. As transportation facilities improved, the length of commuting decreased, and income rose.  A growing number of Americans were able to afford short time vacations by 1915. During the first four periods of the twentieth century, long-haul journeys between large American cities were fulfilled using trains. By the 1950s, air travel was part of every-day life for most of the Americans.  The tourism industry in the US experienced  remarkable growth  as tourists could travel almost anywhere with a fast, reliable system.  For some Americans, a vacation in  Hawaii  was now a more regular activity. Air travel has been changed most of the thing from family vacations to  Major League Baseball, as had steam-powered trains in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. File:US International Arrivals 1997-2007 chart.png Forecast tourism (in thousands) Origin 2007[27] 2008[27] 2009[27] 2010[27] 2011[27] Canada 16,691 17,274 17,847 18,409 18,960 Mexico 13,717 14,127 14,529 14,921 15,304 Europe 10,951 11,407 11,822 12,230 12,632 Asia 6,348 6,710 7,050 7,390 7,730 South America 2,166 2,267 2,367 2,466 2,564 Caribbean 1,277 1,316 1,355 1,394 1,431 Central America 737 768 798 829 860 Oceania 804 838 872 905 937 Middle East 600 622 644 666 688 Africa 270 282 294 306 317 www.zaped.info/Tourism_in_the_United_States New Yorks food culture, influenced by citys immigrants and large number of dining patrons, is diverse.  Jewish  and  Italian  immigrants made city famous for  bagels,  cheese cake  and  New York-style pizza. Some of 4,000 mobile food vendors licensed by city, many  immigrant-owned, have made Eastern foods such as  falafel  and  kebabs  standbys of about the same age New York street food.   The city is home to many of finest  haute cuisine  restaurants in the United States. Sporting events  are tourist events. Major places include  Yankee Stadium,  Citi Field, and  Madison Square Garden.  Street fairs  and street events like the  Halloween Parade  in  Greenwich Village and  New York Marathon  also attract tourists Environmental issues in  New York City  are affected by citys size, density,  abundant public transportation infrastructure and location at the mouth of  Hudson River. New York City also plays an important role in national environmental policy because of its size and position or wealth. New Yorks population density has been environmental benefits and dangers of the city. It facilitates the biggest  mass transit  use in United States, but also concentrates pollution. Gasoline consumption in the city is at the rate the average was in the 1920s,  and greenhouse  emissions are a fraction of the national average. The direct effect is the at the time benefit to persons and companies state away giving goods or services to travellers. Indirect effect is the secondary benefits to suppliers of goods and services to the state away indulged companies. For example a food wholesaler giving goods to a restaurant, the model is careful not to include from the impact calculations. The study entrust the making of a tourism monitoring unit by the US government to regulate the operation of industry as far as the areas of bio-diversity, culture and environment are concerned. The unit, once made should analyze properly and carefully control the negative impacts. It notes that, infrastructure should be better, insecurity weeded out that is likely to scare tourist away and bettering of tourist facilities like large hotels. It also notes that tourism that involved a number of countries and leaves most of the economic benefit outside country be should be discouraged. Ecotourism  is responsible  travel  to damage, pristine, and usually saved areas that strive to be low impact and small scale. Its purpose is to educate the traveller; provide funds for  ecological conservation; state away beneficial for the  economic development  and political empowerment of local communities; and cultivate respect for different cultures and for  human rights. Since the 1980s ecotourism has esteemed a critical endeavour by environmentalists, so that future generations may be experienced directed relatively untouched by human intervention.  Several university programs use this technique as the working definition of ecotourism. Normally, ecotourism focuses on  voluntarily, or volunteerism, personal development and environmental responsibility. Ecotourism typically committed to travel to goals where  flora,  fauna, and  cultural heritage  are the primary attractions. One of the destinations of ecotourism is to give tourists seeing into impact of human beings on the environment, and to cultivate a greater appreciation of our natural habitats. Responsible ecotourism contains programs that compress the negative aspects of conventional tourism on the environment and augment the cultural completeness of local people. Therefore, in addition to calculating environmental and cultural factors, a constituent part of ecotourism is the promotion of  recycling,  energy efficiency apartment,  water conservation, and creation of economic chances for communities.   For these reasons, ecotourism often supplication to environmental and social responsibility advocates. ECONOMIC NEGATIVE IMPACT Increases price of goods and services Increases price of land and housing Increases cost of living Increases potential for imported labour Cost for additional infrastructure (water, sewer, power, fuel, medical, etc.) Increases road maintenance and transportation systems costs Seasonal tourism creates high-risk, under- or unemployment issues Competition for land with other (higher value) economic uses Profits may be exported by non-local owners Jobs may pay low wages ENVIO|RNMENT NEGATIVE IMPACT Pollution (air, water, noise, solid waste, and visual) Loss of natural landscape and agricultural lands to tourism development Loss of open space Destruction of flora and fauna (including collection of plants, animals, rocks, coral, or artefacts by or for tourists) Degradation of landscape, historic sites, and monuments Water shortages Introduction of exotic species Disruption of wildlife breeding cycles and behaviours SOCIAL AND CULTURE NEGATIVE IMPACT Excessive drinking, alcoholism, gambling Increased underage drinking Crime, drugs, prostitution Increased smuggling Language and cultural effects Unwanted lifestyle changes Displacement of residents for tourism development Negative changes in values and customs Family disruption Exclusion of locals from natural resources New cliques modify social structure Natural, political, and public relations calamities A goal of developing the tourism industry in a community is maximizing selected positive impacts while minimizing potential negative impacts. First, it is essential to identify the possible impacts. Tourism researchers have identified a large number of impacts. Grouping the impacts into categories shows the types of impacts that could result from developing tourism in a community Tourism can be improved the quality of life in an area by increasing the number of attractions, opportunities, and services. Tourism offers residents offers to meet people, make friendships, learn more about the world, and to show themselves to new perspectives. Experiencing different cultural practices rewarding experiences broadens horizons, and increases seeing and appreciation for different an approximation to living. Often, decreasing interest in host cultures is resuscitated by reawakening cultural heritage as part of tourism development, which use to increases demand for historical and cultural. This interest by tourists in culture and history gives opportunities to help in maintain of historical architecture. By learning more others, their differences became less threatening and more interesting. At the same time, tourism often popularizes bigger levels of psychological satisfaction from opportunities made by tourism development and through interactions with who is going to t ravel. CONCLUSION For clarity, the tourism elements presented in this article have been largely treated separately; however, it is important to point out that there is a high degree of interrelatedness among the elements. They are being developed by cities for a variety of reasons including portraying a positive image, attracting visitors, and stimulating the urban economy. In the present, some of most popular tourist places in Europe are the big cities. We can say that these are compulsory places for tourists and can be considered advertisements for the respective country. Big towns are important for tourism because they are residences of national or regional governments, possesses monuments and important buildings; they are places which host important events and various ceremonies. They are business and commercial centres, host night life and provide multiple possibilities for fun. They are preferred because they provide a large variety of entertainments and full services in a relatively small area. However, towns must invest in all or in most of the components that make up the tourism area. It is not enough to invest in one or two components. The main quality of urban tourism does not consist in the fact that the existence of a big concentration of tourists cuts down the costs or increases the business efficiency, but in the fact that a large variety of services is necessary for a limited space, which is very attractive for tourism consumers. Sustainability interfaces with economics through the social and ecological consequences of economic activity. Sustainability economics involves ecological economics where social, cultural, health-related and monetary/financial aspects are integrated. Moving towards sustainability is also a social challenge that entails  international  and national  law,  urban planning  and  transport, local and individual  lifestyles  and  ethical consumerism. Ways of living more sustainably can take many forms from reorganising living conditions, reappraising economic sectors (perm culture,  green building,  sustainable agriculture), or work practices (sustainable architecture), using science to develop new technologies (green technologies,  renewable energy), to adjustments in individual  lifestyles  that conserve natural resources. BIBLIOGRAAPGHY Castells, M (1993) European cities, the informational society, and the global economy, Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, No. 84, pp. 247-257. Friedmann, J (1986) The world city hypothesis, Development and Change, No.17, 69-84. Robertson, R (1983) Religion, global complexity and the human condition in absolute values and the creation of the new world, Vol. 1, New York: International Cultural Foundation. Sassen, S (1991) The global city. New York, London, Tokyo, Princeton: Princeton University Press. Taylor, P J and Hoyler, M (2000), The spatial order of european cities under conditions of contemporary globalization, Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, Vol. 91, No. 2, 176-189. http://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/fr/urgc-7EEGJR http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39536483/ns/travel-destination_travel/ http://www.zaped.info/Tourism_in_the_United_States